Section 327IAC8-2.1-17. Drinking water violations; standard health effects language for public notice

   A PWS shall comply with the standard health effects language for public notification contained in the following table:

Table 17. Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification
Contaminant	MCLG mg/L	MCL mg/L	Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification
Drinking Water Regulations:
A. Microbiological Contaminants, Surface Water Treatment Rule, Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, and Long-Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR)
1a. Total coliform	0	See footnote1	Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially harmful, bacteria may be present. Coliforms were found in more samples than allowed, and this was a warning of potential problems.
1b. Fecal coliform/E. coli	0	0	Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems.
1c. Fecal indicators (enterococci or coliphage)			Fecal indicators are microbes whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term health effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems.
i. E. coli	0	TT
ii. Enterococci	None	TT
iii. Coliphage	None	TT
1d. Ground Water Rule (GWR) TT violations	None	TT	Inadequately treated or inadequately protected water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and associated headaches.
2a. Turbidity (MCL)2	None	1 NTU/5 NTU	Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms, such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.
2b. Turbidity (SWTR TT, IESWTR TT, and LT1ESWTR TT)2	None	TT	Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms, such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.
2c. Giardia lamblia	0	TT4	Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms, such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.
2d. Viruses
2e. Heterotrophic plate county (HPC) bacteria3
2f. Legionella
2g. Cryptosporidium
B. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs)
3. Antimony	0.006	0.006	Some people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar.
4. Arsenic5	0	0.01	Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
5. Asbestos (>10 μm)	7 MFL	7 MFL	Some people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps.
6. Barium	2	2	Some people who drink water containing barium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure.
7. Beryllium	0.004	0.004	Some people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of the MCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions.
8. Cadmium	0.005	0.005	Some people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage.
9. Chromium (total)	0.1	0.1	Some people who use water containing chromium well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis.
10. Cyanide	0.2	0.2	Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid.
11. Fluoride	4.0	4.0	Some people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the MCL over many years could get bone disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones. Fluoride in drinking water at half the MCL or more may cause mottling of children's teeth, usually in children less than nine (9) years of age. Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining or pitting of the teeth, or both, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt from the gums.
12. Mercury (inorganic)	0.002	0.002	Some people who drink water containing inorganic mercury well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage.
13. Nitrate	10	10	Infants below six (6) months of age who drink water containing nitrate in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome.
14. Nitrite	1	1	Infants below six (6) months of age who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome.
15. Total nitrate and nitrite	10	10	Infants below six (6) months of age who drink water containing nitrate and nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome.
16. Selenium	0.05	0.05	Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation.
17. Thallium	0.0005	0.002	Some people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver.
C. Lead and Copper Rule
18. Lead	0	TT	Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure.
19. Copper	1.3	TT	Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson's Disease should consult their personal doctor.
D. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
20. 2,4-D	0.07	0.07	Some people who drink water containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands.
21. 2,4,5-TP (silvex)	0.05	0.05	Some people who drink water containing silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems.
22. Alachlor	0	0.002	Some people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
23. Atrazine	0.003	0.003	Some people who drink water containing atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties.
24. Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs)	0	0.0002	Some people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
25. Carbofuran	0.04	0.04	Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood or nervous or reproductive systems.
26. Chlordane	0	0.002	Some people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
27. Dalapon	0.2	0.2	Some people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes.
28. Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate	0.4	0.4	Some people who drink water containing di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience general toxic effects or reproductive difficulties.
29. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate	0	0.006	Some people who drink water containing di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
30. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)	0	0.0002	Some people who drink water containing DBCP in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
31. Dinoseb	0.007	0.007	Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.
32. Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)	0	3×10-8	Some people who drink water containing dioxin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
33. Diquat	0.02	0.02	Some people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts.
34. Endothall	0.1	0.1	Some people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines.
35. Endrin	0.002	0.002	Some people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems.
36. Ethylene dibromide	0	0.00005	Some people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
37. Glyphosate	0.7	0.7	Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties.
38. Heptachlor	0	0.0004	Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
39. Heptachlor epoxide	0	0.0002	Some people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
40. Hexachlorobenzene	0	0.001	Some people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
41. Hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene	0.05	0.05	Some people who drink water containing hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or stomach.
42. Lindane	0.0002	0.0002	Some people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver.
43. Methoxychlor	0.04	0.04	Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.
44. Oxamyl (vydate)	0.2	0.2	Some people who drink water containing oxamyl in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects.
45. Pentachlorophenol	0	0.001	Some people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
46. Picloram	0.5	0.5	Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
47. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)	0	0.0005	Some people who drink water containing PCBs in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
48. Simazine	0.004	0.004	Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood.
49. Toxaphene	0	0.003	Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, or thyroid and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
E. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
50. Benzene	0	0.005	Some people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
51. Carbon tetrachloride	0	0.005	Some people who drink water containing carbon tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
52. Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene)	0.1	0.1	Some people who drink water containing chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.
53. o-Dichlorobenzene	0.6	0.6	Some people who drink water containing o-dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems.
54. p-Dichlorobenzene	0.075	0.075	Some people who drink water containing p-dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or spleen or changes in their blood.
55. 1,2-Dichloroethane	0	0.005	Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
56. 1,1-Dichloroethylene	0.007	0.007	Some people who drink water containing 1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
57. cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene	0.07	0.07	Some people who drink water containing cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
58. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene	0.1	0.1	Some people who drink water containing trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
59. Dichloromethane	0	0.005	Some people who drink water containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
60. 1,2-Dichloropropane	0	0.005	Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
61. Ethylbenzene	0.7	0.7	Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.
62. Styrene	0.1	0.1	Some people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system.
63. Tetrachloroethylene	0	0.005	Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
64. Toluene	1	1	Some people who drink water containing toluene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver.
65. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene	0.07	0.07	Some people who drink water containing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands.
66. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane	0.2	0.2	Some people who drink water containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system.
67. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane	0.003	0.005	Some people who drink water containing 1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems.
68. Trichloroethylene	0	0.005	Some people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
69. Vinyl chloride	0	0.002	Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
70. Xylenes (total)	10	10	Some people who drink water containing xylenes in excess of the MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system.
F. Radioactive Contaminants
71. Beta/photon emitters	0	4 mrem/yr	Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta particle and photon radioactivity in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
72. Alpha emitters	0	15 pCi/l	Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
73. Combined radium (226 and 228)	0	5 pCi/l	Some people who drink water containing radium 226 or 228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
74. Uranium	0	30 μg/l	Some people who drink water containing uranium in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity.
G. Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs): Where disinfection is used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants combine with organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA sets standards for controlling the levels of disinfectants and DBPs in drinking water including THMs and haloacetic acids (HAAs)8.
75. TTHMs	N/A	0.0806, 9	Some people who drink water containing THMs in excess of the MCL over many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous system and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
76. Haloacetic acids (HAA5)	N/A	0.0607	Some people who drink water containing haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
77. Bromate	0	0.010	Some people who drink water containing bromate in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
78. Chlorite	0.08	1.0	Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL. Some people may experience anemia.
79. Chlorine	4 MRDLG	4.0 MRDL	Some people who use drinking water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort.
80. Chloramines	4 MRDLG	4.0 MRDL	Some people who use drinking water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia.
81a. Chlorine dioxide, where any two consecutive daily samples taken at the entrance to the distribution system are above the MRDL	0.8 MRDLG	0.8 MRDL	Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. Add for public notification only: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, not within the distribution system that delivers water to consumers. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to consumers.
81b. Chlorine dioxide, where one or more distribution system samples are above the MRDL	0.8 MRDLG	0.8 MRDL	Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. Add for public notification only: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of the EPA standard within the distribution system that delivers water to consumers. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups, including fetuses, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to nervous system effects from excessive chlorine dioxide exposure.
82. Control of DBP precursors (TOC)	None	TT	TOC has no health effects. However, TOC provides a medium for the formation of disinfection byproducts. These byproducts include THMs and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess of the MCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems, or nervous system effects and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer.
H. Other Treatment Techniques
83. Acrylamide	0	TT	Some people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
84. Epichlorohydrin	0	TT	Some people who drink water containing high levels of epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

Key:

MCLG - Maximum contaminant level goal.

MCL - Maximum contaminant level.

MRDL = Maximum residual disinfectant level.

MRDLG = Maximum residual disinfectant level goal.

NTU - Nephelometric turbidity unit.

TT - Treatment technique.

MFL - Millions of fiber per liter.

Action Level (Lead) = 0.015 mg/L.

Action Level (Copper) = 1.3 mg/L.

mrem - millirems per year.

pCi/L - picocuries per liter.

¹For water systems analyzing at least forty (40) samples per month, no more than five percent (5.0%) of the monthly samples may be positive for total coliforms. For systems analyzing fewer than forty (40) samples per month, no more than one (1) sample per month may be positive for total coliforms.

²There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for different types of systems, including the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule, the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, and the 2001 Long-Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. The following apply:

(1) Systems subject to 327 IAC 8-2-8.5 through 327 IAC 8-2-8.8 (also known as the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)), for both filtered and unfiltered systems, may not exceed five (5) NTU. In addition, in filtered systems, ninety-five percent (95%) of samples each month must not exceed five-tenths (0.5) NTU in systems using conventional or direct filtration and must not exceed one (1) NTU in systems using slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration or other filtration technologies approved by the commissioner.

(2) For systems subject to 327 IAC 8-2.6-1, 327 IAC 8-2.6-2, 327 IAC 8-2.6-3, 327 IAC 8-2.6-4, and 327 IAC 8-2.6-5 (also known as the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)), for systems serving at least ten thousand (10,000) individuals using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water that use conventional filtration or direct filtration, after January 1, 2002, the turbidity level of a system's combined filter effluent may not exceed three-tenths (0.3) NTU in at least ninety-five percent (95%) of monthly measurements, and the turbidity level of a system's combined filter effluent must not exceed one (1) NTU at any time.

(3) Systems subject to 327 IAC 8-2.6-1, 327 IAC 8-2.6-2, 327 IAC 8-2.6-3, 327 IAC 8-2.6-4, and 327 IAC 8-2.6-5, the IESWTR, using technologies other than conventional, direct, slow sand, or diatomaceous earth filtration must meet turbidity limits set by the commissioner.

(4) For systems subject to 327 IAC 8-2.6-1 through 327 IAC 8-2.6-5 (also known as the Long-Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR)), for systems serving fewer than ten thousand (10,000) individuals using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water that use conventional filtration or direct filtration, after January 1, 2005, the turbidity level of a system's combined filter effluent may not exceed three-tenths (0.3) NTU in at least ninety-five percent (95%) of monthly measurements, and the turbidity level of a system's combined filter effluent must not exceed one (1) NTU at any time.

(5) Systems subject to 327 IAC 8-2.6-1 through 327 IAC 8-2.6-5, the LT1ESWTR, using technologies other than conventional, direct, slow sand, or diatomaceous earth filtration must meet turbidity limits set by the commissioner.

³The bacteria detected by heterotrophic plate count (HPC) are not necessarily harmful. HPC is simply an alternative method of determining disinfectant residual levels. The number of such bacteria is an indicator of whether there is enough disinfectant in the distribution system.

⁴SWTR, IESWTR, and LT1ESWTR treatment technique violations that involve turbidity exceedances may use the health effects language for turbidity instead.

⁵The arsenic MCL and MCLG are effective January 1, 2006. Until then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/L and there is no MCLG.

⁶The MCL for TTHM is the sum of the concentrations of the individual THMs.

⁷The MCL for haloacetic acids is the sum of the concentrations of the individual haloacetic acids.

⁸Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water are regulated under 327 IAC 8-2-8.5, 327 IAC 8-2-8.6, 327 IAC 8-2-8.7, 327 IAC 8-2-8.8, and 327 IAC 8-2-14. Subpart H community and nontransient noncommunity systems serving greater than or equal to ten thousand (10,000) persons shall comply with 327 IAC 8-2.5-1 through 327 IAC 8-2.5-9 DBP MCLs and MRDLs beginning January 1, 2002. All other community and nontransient noncommunity systems shall comply with Subpart L DBP MCLs and disinfectant MRDLs beginning January 1, 2004. Subpart H transient noncommunity systems serving greater than or equal to ten thousand (10,000) persons that use chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant shall comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. All other transient noncommunity systems that use chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant shall comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2004.

⁹Community and nontransient noncommunity systems shall comply with 327 IAC 8-2.5-11 through 327 IAC 8-2.5-20 TTHM and HAA5 MCLs of eighty-thousandths (0.080) milligrams per liter and sixty-thousandths (0.060) milligrams per liter respectively (with compliance calculated as a LRAA) on the schedule in 327 IAC 8-2.5-11.

(Water Pollution Control Division; 327 IAC 8-2.1-17; filed Nov 20, 2001, 10:20 a.m.: 25 IR 1118; errata filed Feb 22, 2002, 2:01 p.m.: 25 IR 2254; filed May 1, 2003, 12:00 p.m.: 26 IR 2833; filed Jun 13, 2005, 2:30 p.m.: 28 IR 3240; filed May 7, 2010, 9:30 a.m.: 20100602-IR-327080198FRA)