Section 327IAC8-2-10.3. Best available technologies, small systems compliance technologies (SSCTs), and compliance technologies by system size category for radionuclides

  3. (a) Pursuant to Section 1412 of the Act, BATs for achieving compliance with sections 9 through 10 of this rule for radionuclides are identified in the following table:

Table 10.3(a)
BAT for Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228, Uranium, Gross Alpha Particle Activity, and Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity
Contaminant	BAT
Combined radium-226 and radium-228	Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening
Uranium	Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening, coagulation/filtration
Gross alpha particle activity (excluding radon and uranium)	Reverse osmosis
Beta particle and photon radioactivity	Ion exchange, reverse osmosis

  (b) The following table lists the small systems compliance technologies (SSCTs) for radionuclides and limitations of use:

Table 10.3(b)
List of Small Systems Compliance Technologies for Radionuclides and Limitations to Use
Unit Technologies	Limitations (see footnotes)	Operator Skill Level Required1	Raw Water Quality Range and Considerations1
1. Ion exchange (IE)	(a)	Intermediate	All ground waters.
2. Point of use (POU2) IE	(b)	Basic	All ground waters.
3. Reverse osmosis (RO)	(c)	Advanced	Surface waters usually require prefiltration.
4. POU2 RO	(b)	Basic	Surface waters usually require prefiltration.
5. Lime softening	(d)	Advanced	All waters.
6. Green sand filtration	(e)	Basic	----------
7. Coprecipitation with barium sulfate	(f)	Intermediate to Advanced	Ground waters with suitable water quality.
8. Electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal.	----	Basic to Intermediate	All ground waters.
9. Preformed hydrous manganese oxide filtration	(g)	Intermediate	All ground waters.
10. Activated alumina	(a), (h)	Advanced	All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency.
11. Enhanced coagulation/filtration	(i)	Advanced	Can treat a wide range of water qualities.

¹National Research Council (NRC). Safe Water from Every Tap: Improving Water Service to Small Communities. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1997.

²A POU, or "point-of-use" technology is a treatment device installed at a single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one (1) tap. POU devices are typically installed at the kitchen tap. See the April 21, 2000, Federal Register, concerning Notice of Data Availability (NODA) for more details.

Limitations Footnotes: Technologies for Radionuclides:

^aThe regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions. Disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology.

^bWhen POU devices are used for compliance, programs for long term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must be provided by water utility to ensure proper performance.

^cReject water disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology. See other RO limitations described in, "Small System Compliance Technology List for the Surface Water Treatment Rule", 1997, EPA 815-R-97-002, Washington, D.C.

^dThe combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex for small surface water systems.

^eRemoval efficiencies can vary depending on water quality.

^fThis technology may be very limited in application to small systems. Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place.

^gThis technology is most applicable to small systems that already have filtration in place.

^hHandling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without an adequately trained operator.

ⁱAssumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.

  (c) The following table lists the compliance technologies by system size category for radionuclide national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWRs):

Table 10.3(c)
Compliance Technologies by System Size Category for Radionuclide NPDWRs
Contaminant	Compliance technologies1 for system size categories (population served)
	25-500	501-3,300	3,300-10,000
1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
2. Gross alpha particle activity	3, 4	3, 4	3, 4
3. Beta particle activity and photon activity	1, 2, 3, 4	1, 2, 3, 4	1, 2, 3, 4
4. Uranium	1, 2, 4, 10, 11	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11

¹Numbers correspond to those technologies found listed in the table in subsection (b).

(Water Pollution Control Division; 327 IAC 8-2-10.3; filed Jun 13, 2005, 2:30 p.m.: 28 IR 3215)